{"id":18405,"date":"2025-12-10T15:40:27","date_gmt":"2025-12-10T13:40:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trialoog.taltech.ee\/teadlased-opivad-jaljendama-rinnapiima-haruldasi-suhkruid\/"},"modified":"2025-12-16T16:28:22","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T14:28:22","slug":"teadlased-opivad-jaljendama-rinnapiima-haruldasi-suhkruid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trialoog.taltech.ee\/en\/teadlased-opivad-jaljendama-rinnapiima-haruldasi-suhkruid\/","title":{"rendered":"Cracking the code of the sugars that protect newborns"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Synthesising the complex sugars found in human breast milk is not just a chemical challenge \u2013 it is a key to a healthier future for infants.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":18332,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[251],"tags":[739,635],"class_list":["post-18405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-food-technology","tag-health"],"acf":{"postbuilder":[{"acf_fc_layout":"text","type":"text","text":"Speaking at the TalTech School of Science<\/a> conference, T\u00f5nis Kanger<\/a>, a tenured full professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology<\/a>, emphasised that these compounds are found only in breast milk \u2013 and the pressure on chemists to synthesize them has never been greater.\r\n\r\nUnderstanding their structure and developing synthetic schemes could lead to improved infant formula, new therapeutic approaches and a clearer picture of how immunity develops in early life. This is why scientists around the world are striving to synthesize these complex molecules in the laboratory.\r\n\r\nBut copying what nature performs so effortlessly is anything but simple. HMOs consist of precisely arranged monosaccharide units, and even the slightest structural alteration can change how they function.\r\n

The hidden complexity of sugar chemistry<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nHMOs are built from monosaccharides that behave in exquisitely delicate ways. The smallest structural tweak can transform a familiar molecule into something entirely different. Because of this finely tuned behaviour, chemists must guide each reaction with exceptional precision to obtain the correct structures.\r\n\r\nEvery time two sugars are linked, two choices prove decisive: which hydroxyl group of several participates in the reaction, and whether the resulting bond adopts the alpha or beta orientation. These decisions determine whether the molecule resembles the HMO found naturally in breast milk. If the configuration is wrong, the biological effect may vanish.\r\n\r\nNature produces more than 200 HMOs, yet industry can reliably manufacture only a handful.\r\n\r\n\u201cCurrently, only one to two of them are available. They are in commercial baby food. In total, six of them have been approved for infant formula,\u201d Kanger noted.\r\n\r\nWithout better synthetic methods, babies who rely on formula miss out on the diversity of protective molecules that breastfeeding provides.\r\n
\r\n

\u201cCurrently, only one to two of them are available. They are in commercial baby food. In total, six of them have been approved for infant formula.\"<\/p>\r\n

<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n ","image":null,"align":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":18351},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","type":"text","text":"

TalTech\u2019s selective tools \u2013 and what they make possible<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nTo confront these challenges, Kanger\u2019s group has developed selective methods that make sugar chemistry more manageable. One breakthrough involved using an immobilised industrial enzyme, Novozyme 435, which proved unexpectedly precise and selective in removing protective groups from sugars. This controlled behaviour enables researchers to build HMOs step by step without sacrificing accuracy.\r\n\r\nAnother important advance came from identifying a catalyst that directs the reaction towards forming the correct type of bond. Kanger\u2019s group demonstrated that a simple pyridinium-based catalyst can reliably push the reaction towards the beta form \u2013 the version nature prefers.\r\n\r\nThese developments matter far beyond the laboratory. As chemists learn to synthesize the structures found in human milk, they unlock new possibilities for enhancing infant nutrition, preventing infections and deepening our understanding of how early microbial interactions shape long-term health.\r\n

Why this field deserves greater attention<\/strong><\/h4>\r\nAlthough sugars play a central role in biology, carbohydrate research has never enjoyed the limelight afforded to nucleic acids or proteins. Those fields have accumulated well over a dozen Nobel Prizes each; carbohydrates have earned only three \u2013 all more than half a century ago. As Kanger remarked: \u201cNo chemical synthesis of carbohydrates has been awarded so far.\u201d\r\n\r\nYet HMOs reveal just how profoundly we underestimate these molecules. \"Cracking their structure is not merely a technical puzzle \u2013 it is a gateway to understanding how human life organises itself from its very beginnings.\"\r\n\r\nAs scientists learn to synthesize HMOs with precision, the implications could be transformative: infant formulas that more closely mimic breast milk, new strategies to prevent early-life infections and a richer grasp of the chemical signals that guide development. If any field deserves a future Nobel Prize, it is surely this one.\r\n
\r\n

\"Cracking their structure is not merely a technical puzzle \u2013 it is a gateway to understanding how human life organises itself from its very beginnings.\"<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>","image":null,"align":""}],"related_authors":[{"author":7990,"position":"Trialoogi toimetaja"}]},"yoast_head":"\nCracking the code of the sugars that protect newborns - Trialoog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Inimese rinnapiima keerukate suhkrute s\u00fcnteesimine ei ole vaid keemiline v\u00e4ljakutse \u2013 see on v\u00f5ti imikute tervema tuleviku poole.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/trialoog.taltech.ee\/en\/teadlased-opivad-jaljendama-rinnapiima-haruldasi-suhkruid\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cracking the code of the sugars that protect newborns - 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